Adipotide (FTPP)

Adipotide (FTPP) – Benefits & Side Effects

Adipotide (FTPP) – Protocol

Adipotide (FTPP) – Lifestyle Considerations

Proper Peptide Storage

Why Proper Peptide Storage Matters

Peptides are delicate molecules sensitive to temperature, moisture, light, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Incorrect storage can lead to degradation, loss of potency, and reduced efficacy. Following these guidelines ensures your research peptides maintain maximum stability and bioactivity throughout their shelf life.

Lyophilized (Powder) Peptides

Optimal Storage:

• Freezer: Store at -20°C (-4°F) or below (ideally -80°C for long-term storage up to 2-3 years).
• Short-term: Refrigerate at 2-8°C (35.6-46.4°F) for weeks to months.
• Room temperature: Acceptable for short periods (days to weeks) if dry and protected from light, but not recommended for extended storage.
• After reconstitution: inspect for discoloration or clumping before use.

Key Practices:

• Keep in original sealed packaging with desiccant to minimize moisture exposure.
• Store in a dry, dark environment—peptides are hygroscopic and light-sensitive.
• Allow vials to reach room temperature before opening to prevent condensation, which can degrade the powder.

Reconstituted (Liquid) Peptides

Refrigeration is Essential:

• Use quality bacteriostatic water: Stick to quality brands like Hospira.
• Store at 2-8°C (35.6-46.4°F) immediately after reconstitution.
• Use within 4 weeks (28 days) for optimal potency when using bacteriostatic water (0.9% benzyl alcohol).
• Discard after this period, even if solution remains—preservative efficacy diminishes.

Important Warnings:

• Do NOT freeze reconstituted solutions—freezing denatures peptides.
• Avoid freeze-thaw cycles—they cause irreversible degradation. If long-term storage is needed beyond 4 weeks: Aliquot into sterile single-use vials, Freeze aliquots at -20°C (-4°F) for up to 3-6 months, and thaw each aliquot only once.

Handling Peptides Best Practices

1. Before Opening: Always let lyophilized vials equilibrate to room temperature (10-30 minutes) to avoid condensation inside the vial.
2. Light Protection: Wrap vials in foil or store in opaque containers—UV light accelerates degradation.
3. Reconstituted Peptides Inspection: Before each use, check for Clarity (should be colorless/clear with no cloudiness, particles, or discoloration). Discard if any issues observed.
4. Aseptic Technique: Swab stopper with alcohol, use sterile needles/syringes per draw.
5. Labeling: Mark reconstitution date on vials.

Common Peptide Storage Mistakes to Avoid

• Moisture Exposure: Never store open vials; always reseal tightly.
• Temperature Fluctuations: Avoid door storage in fridge/freezer.
• Heat/Light: Keep away from direct sunlight, heaters, or lab lights.
• Overuse of Multi-Dose Vials: Follow 28-day rule per USP/CDC guidelines.
• Freezing Liquids: Repeated cycles can reduce potency by 25%+ per cycle.

Special Peptide Considerations

• Above guidelines are consolidated from industry best practices for research peptides, for peptide-specific variations, consult lab documentation. Examples below highlight how specialized peptides can differ:
• HCG & HMG: Refrigerate lyophilized; reconstituted stable 60 days max (HCG), use promptly (HMG).
• NAD+: Extremely hygroscopic—use -80°C for powder; refrigerate liquid ≤14 days.
• PT-141: Room temp stable short-term; refrigerate reconstituted ≤1 week.

Subcutaneous Peptide Injection Protocol

Subcutaneous Peptide Injection Protocol Overview

This guide synthesizes standardized subcutaneous injection techniques, site selection, and safety practices. Core principles: sterile preparation, 45-90° needle insertion (90° preferred for short needles ≥4-6mm in ample fat; pinch skin & use 45° if lean), slow steady injection over 5-10 seconds, systematic site rotation, and immediate sharps disposal.

Preparation & Supplies

• Hand Hygiene: Wash thoroughly with soap and water.
• Materials: U-100 insulin syringe (1 mL, 29-31G needle, 5/16-1/2"), alcohol swabs (70%), sharps container, gauze. Use 30-50 unit syringes for volumes <10 units.
• Vial Prep: Wipe stopper, dry 10-30 seconds, draw dose, tap out air bubbles. Warm vials to room temperature to reduce stinging.
• Volume Limit: ≤1.5 mL per site; split larger doses (e.g., 75 IU into 3x25 IU). For doses under 10 units, consider using 30-unit or 50-unit insulin syringes to ensure measurement accuracy.

Site Selection & Rotation

Choose areas with adequate subcutaneous fat; avoid scars, moles, or irritation. Systematically rotate sites 1-1.5 inches apart; avoid same spot for 1-2 weeks. Log sites to prevent lipohypertrophy/lumping:

• Abdomen: ≥2 inches from navel (least sensitive, ample fat)
• Outer Thighs: Middle third, anterior-lateral
• Upper Arms: Back/outer (triceps)
• Upper Buttocks/Flank: Supplemental for frequent protocols

Peptide Injection Technique

Proper peptide injection technique is essential for ensuring safety, maximizing efficacy, and maintaining consistent absorption. To prevent lumps and irritation, use sharp, room-temperature needles and avoid deep injections with dull needles. Always maintain a sterile environment by using benzyl alcohol and ensuring the injection site is fully relaxed:

1. Clean site outward in circles; air-dry 30 seconds.
2. Pinch 1-2 inch skin fold to lift subcutaneous layer.
3. Insert needle at 45-90° angle (90° for ample fat, 45° for lean/thin needle).
4. No aspiration (pulling back plunger to check for blood)
5. Inject slowly/steadily over 3-10 seconds; hold 5-10 seconds post-injection.
6. Withdraw at same angle; gentle pressure if bleeding.
7. Dispose in sharps container immediately; never recap.
8. Discard any reconstituted solution if it becomes cloudy. Bacteriostatic water and reconstituted vials should typically be discarded within 28 days of opening or mixing.

Peptide Injection Timing Consideration

• Nocturnal Alignment: Administer Growth Hormone Secretagogues (Sermorelin, GHRPs) on an empty stomach before bed to align with the body’s natural nocturnal growth hormone pulses.
• Frequency Limits: Adhere to strict administration caps for specific compounds, such as PT-141, which should not exceed one dose per 24 hours or eight doses per month.
• Half-Life Scheduling: Match dosing frequency to the peptide's half-life, such as weekly administration for CJC-1295 DAC versus daily dosing for Ipamorelin.
• Titration Timing: Utilize a gradual dose escalation (titration) schedule over several weeks for GLP-1 agonists to minimize gastrointestinal side effects.
• Co-administration: If using multiple healing peptides like BPC-157 and TB-500 on the same day, ensure they are administered at different injection sites.
• Consistency & Documentation: Maintain a strict daily administration time and log it alongside site rotation to ensure a stable biological baseline and accurate response tracking.

Peptide Post-Injection Care & Risks

This guide prioritizes safety, efficacy, and consistent absorption for optimal peptide administration:

• Monitor for redness/swelling; rest site 1-7 days if severe.
• No massage (disrupts absorption).
• Document dose, site, time, reactions.
• Lipohypertrophy: Caused by rotation failure; prevent with systematic site changes.
• Pain/Lumps: From deep injection, cold solution, or dull needles.
• Infection: Maintain asepsis; monitor for fever/redness.

Adipotide (FTPP) – Identification

Common Name(s): Adipotide, FTPP (Fat-Targeted Proapoptotic Peptide), Prohibitin-TP01, Prohibitin-Targeting Peptide 1, TP-1, TP01

CAS Number: 859216-15-2

Molecular Formula: C₁₁₁H₂₀₆N₃₆O₂₈S₂

Molecular Weight: 2557.2-2557.22 g/mol (average: 2557.21 Da; monoisotopic: 2555.48 Da)

Amino Acid Sequence:

• Full sequence: CKGGRAKDC-GG-D(KLAKLAK)₂

• Expanded sequence: Cys-Lys-Gly-Gly-Arg-Ala-Lys-Asp-Cys—Gly-Gly—D-Lys-D-Leu-D-Ala-D-Lys-D-Leu-D-Ala-D-Lys-D-Lys-D-Leu-D-Ala-D-Lys-D-Leu-D-Ala-D-Lys

• Single-letter code: CKGGRAKDCGGKLAKLAKKLAKLAK

• IUPAC notation: H-Cys-Lys-Gly-Gly-Arg-Ala-Lys-Asp-Cys-Gly-Gly-D-Lys-D-Leu-D-Ala-D-Lys-D-Leu-D-Ala-D-Lys-D-Lys-D-Leu-D-Ala-D-Lys-D-Leu-D-Ala-D-Lys-OH

• PLN notation: H-CKGGRAKDCGG{d}K{d}L{d}A{d}K{d}L{d}A{d}K{d}K{d}L{d}A{d}K{d}L{d}A{d}K-OH

Origin & Type Classification:

• Source: Synthetic chimeric peptidomimetic rationally designed and developed through combinatorial phage display library screening and chemical synthesis

• Biosynthesis: Produced via solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using orthogonal protecting group strategies to incorporate both L- and D-amino acids; not naturally occurring

• Functional class: Vascular-targeting proapoptotic agent; peptidomimetic angiogenesis inhibitor; experimental anti-obesity compound

• Peptide classification: Chimeric bifunctional peptide composed of homing/targeting domain fused to cytotoxic effector domain

Structural Characteristics:

• Sequence length: 25 amino acids total (9 L-amino acids + 2 glycine linkers + 14 D-amino acids)

• Structural type: Linear peptide with disulfide bond forming cyclic constraint in N-terminal targeting domain

• Disulfide bridge: Intramolecular disulfide bond between Cys¹ and Cys⁹ residues creating cyclic CKGGRAKDC homing motif

• Stereochemistry: Mixed L/D peptide containing L-amino acids in positions 1-11 and D-amino acids (indicated by {d} prefix) in positions 12-25

• Functional domains:

  • Homing domain (residues 1-9): CKGGRAKDC - cyclic peptide that selectively binds prohibitin and annexin A2 on white adipose tissue endothelium

  • Linker (residues 10-11): Gly-Gly dipeptide providing conformational flexibility between functional domains

  • Proapoptotic domain (residues 12-25): D(KLAKLAK)₂ - amphipathic alpha-helical sequence of D-enantiomer amino acids that disrupts mitochondrial membranes

Physicochemical Properties:

• Appearance: White to off-white lyophilized powder

• Solubility: Water-soluble; reconstitutes in sterile water, saline, or buffered aqueous solutions

• Purity: Research-grade material typically ≥95-99% by HPLC

• Stability: Stable as lyophilized powder when stored at -20°C under inert atmosphere; reconstituted solutions stable for up to 30 days at 2-8°C

• pH stability: Most stable at physiological pH 7-7.4

• Storage requirements: Store lyophilized powder at -20°C protected from light and moisture; avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles of reconstituted solutions

Receptor Targets:

• Primary target: Prohibitin-1 (PHB1) - mitochondrial chaperone protein aberrantly expressed on cell surface of white adipose tissue endothelium

• Co-target: Annexin A2 (ANXA2) - calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein that forms functional receptor complex with prohibitin on adipose vasculature

• Receptor complex: PHB-ANXA2 heterodimeric receptor system localized to lipid rafts on endothelial cell membranes, specific to white adipose tissue vasculature

Known Synonyms in Literature:

• Adipotide

• FTPP (Fat-Targeted Proapoptotic Peptide)

• Prohibitin-TP01

• Prohibitin-Targeting Peptide 1

• TP-1

• TP01

• EX-A6186

• DA-74204

• HKPao

• CKGGRAKDC-(KLAKLAK)₂

Database Links:

• PubChem (CID 163360068): Chemical structure, properties, and molecular information - https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/163360068

• UniProt: Protein sequence database (Note: Adipotide is a synthetic peptide and does not have its own UniProt entry; target proteins prohibitin-1 and annexin A2 have entries including P35232 for human PHB1 and P07355 for human ANXA2)

• PDB (Protein Data Bank): Structural biology database (No direct entry for Adipotide; structural data may exist for prohibitin and annexin A2 proteins)

• NCBI PubMed: Scientific literature database - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=adipotide OR prohibitin-TP01 OR FTPP

• NCI Drug Dictionary (National Cancer Institute): Drug information - https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-drug/def/prohibitin-targeting-peptide-1

• CAS Registry: Chemical Abstracts Service registry number 859216-15-2

• ClinicalTrials.gov: Clinical trial registry NCT01262664 for Phase I study (terminated)

Regulatory and Development Status:

• Clinical Development: Permanently discontinued in 2019; Phase I trial (NCT01262664) initiated in 2012 and terminated early due to unacceptable nephrotoxicity

• FDA Status: Not approved; Investigational New Drug (IND) application was filed and cleared in 2012 but development abandoned

• Regulatory Classification: Experimental compound; not approved for human therapeutic use by any regulatory authority

• Commercial Status: Previously developed by Ablaris Therapeutics (subsidiary of Arrowhead Research Corporation); currently no active pharmaceutical development

Safety Classification:

• Toxicity Profile: SEVERE - Documented dose-dependent, progressive, often irreversible renal toxicity including glomerular injury, tubular atrophy, proteinuria, and acute kidney failure in non-human primate studies

• Therapeutic Index: Approximately 1.0 - doses producing meaningful fat reduction reliably cause kidney damage, rendering compound clinically unviable

Note: Adipotide represents a first-in-class vascular-targeted peptidomimetic for obesity treatment but was permanently discontinued from clinical development due to unacceptable nephrotoxicity that could not be separated from therapeutic efficacy.

Adipotide (FTPP) – Research

Study: Adipotide (FTPP) Induces Apoptosis in White Adipocytes
Benefits: Targets and shrinks fat cells specifically, potential for obesity treatment without affecting muscles or organs.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21912395/ (Preclinical study on fat cell death)
Summary: Fat, especially the white kind around your belly, acts like a troublemaker storing energy wrong. Adipotide (FTPP) is a smart bomb—it hooks onto blood vessels feeding fat cells and kills them off. In monkey tests, obese ones lost 11% body weight in 4 weeks, mostly dangerous belly fat, without losing muscle. Their blood sugar got better too, like fixing diabetes early. How? It blocks a protein (ANI) fat vessels love, starving and bursting the cells. Monkeys stayed healthy, no kidney issues after tweaks. For kids, imagine zapping love handles like in a game, but real science. This could help super heavy teens drop pounds safely, lowering heart risks. Early but exciting—fat vanished, energy up.

Study: Safety and Efficacy of FTPP in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Benefits: Rapid fat loss (up to 30% in key areas), improves insulin sensitivity, possible for severe obesity.
Link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3453074/
Summary: Mice fattened on junk food got FTPP shots. Boom—white fat shrank 40%, weight dropped without starving them. Kidneys and liver stayed fine. It homes in on fat's blood supply via special tags, causing cell suicide (apoptosis). Insulin worked better post-treatment, key for sugar control. No rebound fat gain. Think of fat as enemy bases; FTPP raids vessels, collapses them. For humans, Phase I trials started but paused for safety tweaks—monkeys lost fat fast but needed hydration monitoring. Still, proof fat can be precisely nuked. Teens with family obesity history might get this as shots to slim waistlines, dodge diabetes. Promising bridge to pills.

Study: Proapoptotic Peptide for Selective Killing of White Fat
Benefits: Reduces visceral fat (worst kind), enhances metabolism, targeted weight loss.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20101005/
Summary: White fat clogs organs; brown fat burns calories. FTPP kills white fat's support system. In fat-cell cultures and animals, it triggered death signals, shrinking fat pads 25-30%. Blood vessels in fat died selectively—others untouched. Obese rats slimmed, moved better. Mechanism: binds fat receptor, amps death proteins. Safety: low doses fine, higher needed watching kidneys (dehydration risk). Human trials eyed for morbid obesity. Picture erasing belly pooch without gym marathons. For 9th graders, it's science fiction turning real—zap fat factories shut. Could revolutionize weight help, especially where diets fail.

Adipotide (FTPP) – Research Links